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gambling on papal elections
Gambling on papal elections has at least a 500-year history. Betting on 16th-century papal conclaves are among the first documented examples of gambling on election outcomes.〔Paul W. Rhode and Koleman Strumpf. 2008. "(Historical Political Futures Markets: An International Perspective )". NBER Working Paper 14377.〕 During the same period, gambling was also common on the outcomes of secular Italian elections, such as that of the Doge of Venice.〔Jonathan Walker. 1999. "Gambling and the Venetian Noblemen, c. 1500-1700". ''Past and Present''. No. 162: 28-69.〕
==15th century==
The Republic of Venice forbade betting on the pope's life in 1419, and canceled bets already made. Life insurance policies were often taken out on the current pope, sometimes as genuine insurance by businessmen owed money by the papacy who feared a change of Pontiff, but also a purely speculative venture. Such policies on the lives of popes and other notable figures were forbidden in Barcelona (1435) and Genoa (1467 and 1494).〔Clark, 14〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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